As a result of the development of productive forces, this stage gives rise to the social division of labor and social stratification, which produce classes, kingship, and states. From a historical materialist point of view, we proposed that civilization is an advanced stage of human cultural and social development. There is considerable debate among scholars in China and abroad about defining civilization and other related concepts. Putting forward a Chinese approach to defining civilization and setting criteria for a society's entry into civilizationĪ Chinese approach to defining civilization The research project aimed to answer several critical questions: First, when was the Chinese civilization formed, and how long is its history? Second, how did the Chinese civilization first emerge, take shape, and develop? And how did the trend toward a unified whole led by the dynasties on the Central Plains arise, given the Chinese civilization's diverse sources of origin? Third, why did the Chinese civilization follow a path featuring diversity amidst unity, continuous history, and unbroken development? Fourth, what characteristics define the Chinese civilization's emergence, taking shape, and development? And where does the Chinese civilization stand in world civilizational history?Īfter 20 years of work, the project to trace the origins of the Chinese civilization has scored impressive achievements. This information facilitated comprehensive cross-disciplinary research on the emergence, taking shape, and early development of the Chinese civilization from multiple perspectives and levels. Through large-scale archaeological excavations and surveys of settlement distribution in the surrounding areas, we collected information on every aspect of these sites. These sites best reflect the social development and building of central power in that period. Guided by Marxism, research focused on four ancient city ruins from between 35 BC-the Liangzhu site in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province the Taosi site in Linfen, Shanxi Province the Shimao site in Shenmu, Shaanxi Province and the Erlitou site in Luoyang, Henan Province-as well as the ruins of regional centers along the Yellow, Yangtze, and Liaohe rivers. In the spring of 2002, a national-level project to trace the origins of the Chinese civilization was launched. As President Xi Jinping has said, the origins of Chinese civilization are an important subject for Chinese scholars and an enduring focus for international researchers. It thus holds a unique and important place in the history of human civilization. This great victory gave Pakal and his people some breathing room, although his reign would never be completely peaceful.The Chinese civilization is one of the world's four great ancient civilizations and the only one that has developed in an unbroken chain up to the present day. The three foreign leaders were ceremoniously sacrificed to the god K'awill. The warriors of Palenque were victorious and returned home with the leaders of Pomona and Santa Elena as well as a dignitary of some sort from Piedras Negras, also an ally of Calakmul. In 659, Pakal took the initiative and ordered an invasion of the Kaan allies at Pomona and Santa Elena. In 649, Tortuguero attacked Moyoop and Coyalcalco, also Palenque allies. The town, birthplace of Pakal's wife Ix Tz'ak-b'u Ajaw, was allied with Palenque: the lords of Tortuguero would attack the same town a second time in 655. On June 1, 644, B'ahlam Ajaw, ruler of the rival faction at Tortuguero, ordered an attack on the town of Ux Te' K'uh. The Kaan dynasty had not forgotten about Palenque, and the rival exile faction at Tortuguero made frequent war upon Pakal's people as well. Pakal was a steady ruler but his time as king was far from peaceful.
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